Clear answers to the questions on your mind.

In non-judgment-based enforcement, an objection lodged by the debtor within the applicable period halts the proceedings. In that case, we seek to keep the proceedings going by pursuing annulment or removal of the objection.

Even if the debtor has no known assets, tools such as inquiries into bank accounts, vehicles and real estate, the attachment of receivables held by third parties and, where necessary, an action to set aside dispositions made to conceal assets are brought into play. An effective asset investigation is the key to collection.

A significant portion of compliance violations stem not from bad faith but from a lack of awareness. Employees who are informed about data protection, codes of ethics, and reporting obligations reduce risk at its source. For this reason, we regard regular training and awareness initiatives as an indispensable part of a sustainable compliance culture.

Negotiable instruments such as cheques, promissory notes, and bills of exchange allow access to the special, faster enforcement routes provided for in the law. We assess the most advantageous route based on the document you hold.

A penalty clause is set by the will of the parties; however, an excessive penalty clause may be reduced by the judge. The aim is to fix an amount that encourages performance while remaining proportionate. We structure the penalty clause at a defensible level, appropriate to the nature of the work and the potential loss.

The agreements between Türkiye and Germany, Austria, and Switzerland are intended to prevent the same income from being taxed in two countries at once. Which country holds the right to tax is determined according to the type of income and the provisions of the agreement. We ensure that these provisions are applied correctly in your cross-border transactions.

Yes. The CMR Convention limits the carrier's liability for damage and loss with an upper limit tied to the weight of the goods (a set amount per kilogram). However, this limit may not apply in the event of the carrier's gross fault. We carefully assess whether the limit applies in the specific case.

The cost of non-compliance is often far higher than the cost of a compliance programme. KVKK (Turkish Personal Data Protection Law) and similar regulations can result in administrative fines, reputational damage and harm to commercial relationships. A well-designed compliance programme manages these risks in advance and protects your company both legally and commercially.

Ongoing advisory is a flexible relationship based on mutual trust. Provided that the notice periods set out in the agreement are observed, the relationship may be terminated by either party. Our aim is not to tie you in, but to sustain the relationship through the value we deliver.

The scope of the retainer is defined together at the introductory stage and clearly set out in the agreement. Matters that fall outside the scope, such as litigation, arbitration or large-scale transactions, are handled under separately agreed terms. On such matters, we always provide information and a proposal before the process begins.

Associations acquire legal personality upon filing their formation notice, whereas foundations are established by court decision and registration. We handle the preparation of the bylaws/foundation deed, the governance structure, the setup of a commercial enterprise, and regulatory compliance; we design a sustainable structure suited to your purpose.

Not every transaction is subject to approval; the need for approval depends on the parties' turnovers and on whether the thresholds under Law No. 4054 (Turkish Law on the Protection of Competition) are exceeded. For acquisitions that exceed certain turnover thresholds, notification to and approval from the Competition Board are mandatory. We carry out this assessment at the outset of the transaction and prepare the necessary applications.

As a rule, a supplier's setting of the buyer's resale price (resale price maintenance) is a competition-law violation; however, a maximum price or a recommended price is possible under certain conditions. We structure your distribution model in a compliant manner, taking these fine distinctions into account.

Due diligence reveals the legal picture of the target company; it brings hidden debts, litigation risks, and contractual obligations to light. This review directly affects both the transaction price and the representations and indemnity provisions in the agreement. Sound due diligence minimises post-closing surprises.

The duration depends on the size of the target company, the volume of documents, and the scope of the review. While a focused review can be completed in a few weeks, broad-scope transactions may take longer. A well-organised and complete data room speeds up the process significantly.

The person who is the subject of a publication may, within the statutory time limit, request the publication of a correction-and-reply text proportionate to the publication. If the publisher refuses, an application may be made to the court. Preparing the text in accordance with the law and complying with the deadlines are decisive; we manage the process from the outset.

A PPA should regulate, in a balanced manner, critical provisions such as price and indexation, term, delivery guarantees, force majeure, penalty clauses, and dispute resolution. We structure these long-term agreements so as to manage price and regulatory risks.

As a rule, a secure electronic signature produces the same legal effect as a handwritten signature. That said, official form requirements may apply to certain transactions. We structure the process with the appropriate electronic signature or KEP (registered electronic mail) solution according to the type of document to be signed.

In an EPC contract, the employer is protected by provisions such as fixed price and time commitments, performance guarantees, delay penalties, letters of guarantee, and defect liability. We structure these contracts in a balanced manner in the employer's favour, taking into account the technical realities of the project.

We tie access to roles rather than to individuals: each role can reach only the documents required to do its job. This both strengthens confidentiality and, in the event of a problem, makes oversight easier by keeping who accessed what traceable.

The “S” (social) and “E” (environmental) dimensions of ESG overlap directly with supply chain due diligence. LkSG and EU rules require these areas to be addressed together. We structure your compliance programmes so that the two areas come together in a single, coherent framework.

The EU’s sustainability reporting (CSRD) is expanding gradually and covers large companies and their supply chains. Turkish companies that supply products or services to the DACH market may fall within this scope through client requirements. We assess your obligation and plan the necessary preparation.

ESG compliance lowers your risk in the eyes of investors and financial institutions, eases access to green financing, secures the business relationship with DACH clients, and increases brand value. When structured correctly, it is a competitive advantage rather than a cost.

Through licence, franchise and assignment agreements, you can generate revenue by making your intellectual property rights available for use by third parties. We structure critical provisions such as the fee, scope, term, and quality control in your favour, and design sustainable frameworks that preserve the value of the right.