Clear answers to the questions on your mind.

An enforcement decision gives the foreign judgment the force of a Turkish court judgment, and you collect on it through judgment-based execution proceedings. Those run through the enforcement office under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law (İİK, No. 2004): an execution order is served on the debtor, and if payment is not made the file moves into compulsory execution.At that stage attachment can be applied to the debtor’s bank accounts, immovable property, vehicles, receivables held by third parties and shareholdin…

There is no magic number; what matters is the gravity of the breach, the reasonableness of the time allowed and the documentation chain. A gradual, consistent process matters more than the count.

It is most often used against patent, utility model, trademark, design and unfair competition (UWG) claims. The content is tailored with technical evidence to the type of claim expected.

As a rule, yes. When granting an interim injunction the court requires security to cover any loss the other side or third parties may suffer if the injunction turns out to have been unjustified. That follows from the injunction provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure (No. 6100).The amount is set by the court according to the nature of the claim and the size of the possible loss. Security can be deposited in cash, but in most cases it can also be provided by a bank letter of guarantee, which lets you obtain the i…

The responsibility rests with the business; however, you can delegate the tracking to us. We monitor all your permits with their validity dates in a single calendar, prepare the renewal files ahead of time, and need you only at the signing stage. The reason tracking matters is the consequence of a lapse: for sanction purposes an expired permit is treated much like never having held one, and some renewals must be filed before expiry rather than after. Gathering every renewal date into a single calendar with lead ti…

Clarify the submission deadline and the scope, do not hand over the document set without running it through a legal filter, and put oral explanations on a written footing. The first contact sets the tone of the audit.

If the action on the merits is not filed within the prescribed period, lifting the injunction and compensation come onto the agenda. We track this period and pursue the claim in time.

Arbitration is the last step; the real value is that the POSSIBILITY of arbitration creates negotiating leverage. Moreover, third-party funding can remove the cost barrier in strong cases.

It depends on where the counterparty’s assets are located and on the need for confidentiality. In a dispute with a German distributor, a German judgment is easy to enforce; in multi-country networks, arbitration provides flexibility.

As a rule, yes: unlike proceedings before a state court, arbitration hearings and the award are not open to the public. But the confidentiality comes largely from the agreement of the parties and from the rules of the arbitral institution chosen — the ISTAC, ICC and DIS rules all expressly regulate the confidentiality of the proceedings — and the arbitration provisions of the International Arbitration Law (No. 4686) and the Code of Civil Procedure (No. 6100) complete that frame.To strengthen the reach of confident…

Yes. A contract signed with a secure electronic signature is valid as a rule and produces the same legal effect as a wet-ink signature. That equivalence comes from the Electronic Signature Law (No. 5070). Registered electronic mail (KEP) does a different job alongside it: it proves that a declaration was sent and that it reached the other side.There are exceptions, and they matter. Transactions the law subjects to an official form or to notarial approval cannot be concluded with a secure electronic signature — the…

Yes — closing without clearance and early exercise of control are subject to turnover-based administrative fines. An interim-period conduct guide and a clean team protocol should be in the deal…

Full-function joint ventures are subject to notification if the thresholds are exceeded; the turnover of the parent companies is taken into account. Non-compete provisions in the JV agreement are also assessed separately.

Yes, if structured correctly: they must be limited as to territory, duration, and type of work, based on an interest worthy of protection, and reasonable. Unlimited bans are deemed invalid — we build the structure around the case law.

Yes; profits, dividends, and sale proceeds can be transferred freely. With the right tax and documentation arrangements, transfers are routine transactions; we also make sure you benefit from double taxation treaties in the most efficient way.

Custom-made products may fall within the withdrawal exception; but the exception only works if it is defined clearly and correctly in your legal texts. We draw up a category-based map of the exceptions.

Yes: remote work must be set out in a written contract, and rules on expenses, data security, occupational health, and availability must be defined. We prepare the additional protocols suited to your hybrid model.

The model is a decision-making tool; critical assumptions are shown through sensitivity analysis. Where necessary, the uncertainty is formally closed off with an advance tax ruling application.

The incentive system does not distinguish between domestic and foreign investors; in addition, double taxation treaties provide a significant advantage in profit repatriation. We set up the structure with the taxation of both countries in view.

Yes, you can be; an automated system’s statements can be attributed to the business. Through terms of use, warning notices, thresholds requiring human approval and proper record-keeping, we bring this liability down to a manageable level.

Notification to the authority and public disclosure are different things: in certain cases the KVKK/GDPR also require notifying the data subjects. We determine the scope as a legal matter and structure the disclosure text so that it does not increase litigation risk.

As a rule, no; the decision belongs to the company, taken together with its commercial, reputational and recovery dimensions. We separately check for exceptional reporting obligations.

Not legally mandatory, but commercially often unavoidable. What matters is that the text be reasonable: unilateral audit, unlimited termination, and cost pass-through provisions are negotiable — we strike these balances for you.